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Mitochondrial respiration is the set of metabolic reactions and processes requiring oxygen that takes place in mitochondria to convert the energy stored in macronutrients to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy donor in the cell.

Laser therapy not only enhances mitochondrial respiration, but also activates the redox-sensitive NFkB signaling via generation of ROS. Expression of anti-apoptosis and pro-survival genes responsive to NFkB could explain the beneficial clinical effects of Photomedicine. 

ATP synthase is the process that creates the energy storage and transfer molecule Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most generic form of energy production, storage, and transfer in the cells of most organisms; it is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) and needs photonic energy for its formation. Laser therapy delivers high volumes of quantum energy for the ATP synthase process to be stimulated, thereby providing an enhanced pathway for more rapid and effective healing of aging, sick, injured, or malfunctioning tissues and body systems. ATP synthase occurs in the mitochondria, which are often found in brown adipose tissues that are made up mostly fat cells with fibrous strings as structure, primarily found under the skin and in deposits between muscles, intestines, heart, bone marrow 

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced as byproducts of aerobic metabolism. Depending on the nature of the ROS species, some are highly toxic and usually detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms. Whereas the human body contains mechanisms to combat increased ROS levels during abiotic stress conditions, in other circumstances the body purposefully generates ROS as signaling molecules to control various processes including pathogen defense, programmed cell death, and stomatal behavior. The reactive oxygen species can be primary contributors of oxidative stress at increased levels, which leads to many diseases and disorders such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, aging, and various neurodegenerative diseases. This occurs when the body produces higher than normal levels of ROS in response to metabolic or external stimuli from environmental toxins, pathogens, increased stress, etc. Quantum energy loads  from laser therapy can play an important role in reversing the damage caused by increased levels of oxidative stress.

Photons (quantum light energy) are an integral part of our lives and play a pivotal role in the function of our bodies on the molecular level – in fact, photons control everything that happens in the cells. Photonic energy exists in our DNA and is the means whereby molecular signaling occurs.   

DNA contains molecules that absorb and transfer quantum energy via the F.R.E.T. process. Substances in DNA (receptor chromophores) are stimulated (excited) by quantum energy to a higher energy state (fluorescent Resonance); they then transfer that higher energy state to other substances in the DNA (acceptor chromophores). This process is called Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer, or F.R.E.T., and is used to direct stimulated energy to where it is most needed. In addition, the quantum energy in photomedicine exerts a control of photochemical reactions that mimics and enhances the function of natural light, like those processes of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and many types of bacteria.    

Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer is a function of the ATP synthase process. ATP synthase is the process that creates the energy storage and transfer molecule Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most common form of energy production, storage, and transfer in the cells of all organisms; it is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and needs quantum light energy for its formation. Photomedicine delivers additional sources of quantum energy for the ATP synthase process to be enhanced, boosting the process whereby F.R.E.T. can occur most efficiently, and providing a pathway for enhanced healing of aging, sick, injured, or malfunctioning tissues and body systems. 

Cytokine Modulation (Increased Production of Good Cytokines/Reduction of Bad Cytokines) Cytokines play a broad role in helping the immune system respond to diseases. Cytokines may be ‘good’ when stimulating the immune system to fight a foreign pathogen or attack tumors. Other good cytokine effects include reduction of an immune response, for example interferon β reduction of neuron inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis. 

Cytokines are ‘bad’ when the body is no longer able to manage the higher level of production due to environmental stress, injury, or pathogenic infection, and the ‘overactive’ cytokine response causes inflammatory diseases, i.e. the role of tumor necrosis factor α in rheumatoid arthritis or asthma and Crohn's disease. 

Quantum energy loads from laser therapy can help to modulate overactive cytokine responses, strengthening the immune system and reducing the inflammatory processes that occur in an overactive cytokine response (such as autoimmune disorders). 

Quantum light energy has a direct effect on immunity status by stimulation of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. Quantum light energy, when absorbed by chromophores and other molecule enzymes within the body, activate flavomononucleotides and enhance the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a major component of cellular energy and the energy source for all chemical reactions in the cells. 

Photomedicine therapy is antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal (anti-microbial, anti-biofilm), and is extremely useful in wound healing and resolving a wide range of pathogenic conditions. Quantum NIR energy has strong antimicrobial effects and low toxicity to human cells - which means  strong antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal treatments for hygiene and medical applications.